Roman Empire in 44 BC at a glance
In 44 BC the Roman state covered about 1.97 million km². That is 144.9% more than at 133 BC. It took in all or part of 29 modern countries, with the biggest shares of Luxembourg (100%), San Marino (100%) and Vatican City (100%).
Julius Caesar, conqueror of Gaul and winner of a civil war, was murdered by senators on the Ides of March. The civil wars that followed ended the Republic.
Julius Caesar is assassinated; Gaul has been conquered.
- 1.97 million km²area of the empire
- +144.9%since 133 BC
- 29modern countries inside
- 28provinces held
Provinces held at the date (AD 200 AWMC borders); provinces older than 60 BC are clipped to the AWMC extent for 60 BC. Client kingdoms are not counted. This outline is built by joining the provinces held at the date, using AWMC province outlines from AD 200, so the frontier shapes are the AD 200 ones. Dates, not borders, are the evidence here. Borders are approximate and debated.
What changed since 133 BC
The area grew by about 1,166,899 km² (144.9%), from 805,540 km² to 1,972,439 km². Provinces added: Aquitania, Asia, Bithynia et Pontus and Thracia, Cilicia, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Galatia, Cappadocia and Pontus, Gallia Belgica, Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, Germania Inferior, Germania Superior, Numidia, Syria and Syria Phoenice.
Modern countries newly inside: Algeria, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Israel, Jersey, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, Syria and Turkey.
Which modern countries were inside the empire in 44 BC?
29 modern countries were at least partly inside the empire. The share is the part of today's country that fell inside the outline above. The largest shares were Luxembourg, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Belgium and Cyprus.
| Country | Share inside | Area inside (km²) |
|---|---|---|
| Roman Luxembourg | 100% | 2,608 |
| San Marino | 100% | 60.3 |
| Vatican City | 100% | under 1 |
| Andorra | 100% | 452 |
| Roman Belgium | 100% | 30,648 |
| Roman Cyprus | 97% | 9,027 |
| Roman France | 94% | 516,594 |
| Roman Greece | 91% | 119,033 |
| Roman Albania | 88% | 25,011 |
| Roman Italy | 84% | 251,726 |
| Roman North Macedonia | 81% | 20,511 |
| Jersey | 77% | 92.1 |
| Roman Montenegro | 75% | 10,294 |
| Roman Lebanon | 70% | 6,964 |
| Roman Malta | 57% | 187 |
| Roman Spain | 57% | 285,772 |
| Roman Switzerland | 51% | 21,120 |
| Roman Tunisia | 51% | 79,392 |
| Roman Netherlands | 43% | 16,040 |
| Roman Bosnia and Herzegovina | 43% | 22,207 |
| Roman Turkey | 34% | 266,014 |
| Roman Croatia | 28% | 15,682 |
| Roman Syria | 19% | 35,686 |
| Roman Germany | 17% | 60,277 |
| Roman Bulgaria | 6.4% | 7,265 |
| Roman Algeria | 4.2% | 97,694 |
| Roman Israel | 4% | 886 |
| Roman Libya | 3.3% | 53,579 |
| Roman Serbia | 2.4% | 1,878 |
Shares are measured against the part of each country inside a box around the Mediterranean world, so overseas territories do not count. A country counts as inside only above 1% of its area or 500 km².
Provinces held in 44 BC
- Achaea
- Africa Proconsularis
- Aquitania
- Asia, Bithynia et Pontus and Thracia
- Hispania Baetica
- Cilicia
- Corsica
- Crete
- Cyprus
- Cyrenaica
- Dalmatia and Pannonia Superior
- Epirus
- Galatia, Cappadocia and Pontus
- Gallia Belgica
- Gallia Cisalpina (northern Italy)
- Gallia Lugdunensis
- Gallia Narbonensis
- Germania Inferior
- Germania Superior
- Hispania Tarraconensis
- Italia (peninsula)
- Lusitania
- Macedonia
- Numidia
- Sardinia
- Sicilia
- Syria
- Syria Phoenice
Province outlines are the AD 200 ones. Where the source map joins several provinces, the province page says so.